Separation Anxiety A Type Of An Attachment Disorder

No one is perfectly healthy. In today’s society, many people suffer from some type of disorders. Separation anxiety is one of them. According to the www.attachment.org website, â€Å"this disorder is a type of an attachment disorder that is usually observed by young children, who feel they are getting lack of affection and attention from parents or their caregivers due to separation.† I believe that many people feel unsafe being alone and they are afraid to be alone. However, due to inescapable situation or technology or laziness they face separation, loneliness, and fear. Many researches and articles say genes, environment, and people are the main cause of the attachment disorder. There are differences between adults and young children who have separation anxiety. The ways to treat separation anxiety vary. The research says 77.5 % of people has lifetime separation anxiety disorder, 75.2 % has reported separation anxiety disorder in the past 12 months had adult onset SA D, and 80% of SAD diagnoses still occurred prior to 30 years of age with individuals experiencing onset by their late teens to early 20s. Anxiety is a mood state impacted by strong negative emotion in response to threating events or situations, which are either real or imagined. It is usually observed in infancy and early childhood, but can be found in adulthood too. It is a very complex phenomenon that is expressed in three ways such as physical, cognitive, and behavioral. It is normal for children to experienceShow MoreRelatedAdult Separation Anxiety : A Psychological Condition1513 Words   |  7 Pages Adult Separation Anxiety: A Possible Link to a Missed Step in Development DeAndre Bright Evan Smith-Finney Amber Depew Brandon Eastwood CCBC Catonsville Psychology 103 April 3, 2015 Adult Separation Anxiety Disorder Separation anxiety disorder is â€Å"a psychological condition in which an individual has excessive anxiety regarding separation from places or people to whom the individual has a strong emotional attachment† (anxietypanichealth.com 2008). Individuals with this disorder typicallyRead MoreSeparation Of Separation Anxiety Disorder1312 Words   |  6 Pages Separation Anxiety Disorder Folasade Oyekoya Bowie State University â€Æ' Abstracts: Sam has a separation anxiety disorder; Separation Anxiety is a normal stage of life that fade at a certain stage, it becomes a disorder when it persist in individual under 18 for at least four weeks and for the adult for over six month or more. It’s becomes a disorder that causes distress for a child or teenager when separating from the parent or care giver. This can affect the child development andRead MoreThe Between Seven And 11 Months Of Age991 Words   |  4 Pagesbetween seven and 11 months of age, there is a strong show of attachment as well as an inclination towards a specific caregiver. Separation from the specific caregiver results in protests and anxiety when placed around strangers, a phenomenon Immordino-Yang and Damasio (2011) refered to as separation anxiety and stranger anxiety respectively. In the multiple attachments stage, just after nine months, children start forming emotional bonds beyond the primary figure they were previously attachedRead MoreAnalysis Of The Movie What About Bob 980 Words   |  4 PagesWhat about Bob? is a movie starring Bill Murray as a patient named Bob Wiley. Bob is â€Å"almost paralyzed by multi phobic personality, in a constant state of panic; characterized by acute separation anxiety (Oz, 1991).† The movie provides comic relief to what can be considered life altering diagnoses. Bob has a multitude of phobias that prove to make his life extremely difficult. Referred by his previous psychiatrist, Bob is sent to see Dr. Leo Marvin. Dr. Marvin has just published a book, Baby StepsRead MoreRelation: Infant Mother Attachme nt and Eating Disorders1510 Words   |  7 Pagespurpose of this paper is to correlate the links between infant mother attachment and eating disorder behavior. Throughout this paper the two main theorists that are looked at are Mary S. Ainsworth and John Bowlby. Mary S. Ainsworth’s framework of attachment theory began in Uganda, while studying individual difference in infant behavior, which is known as the Strange Situation. John Bowlby coined the theory of infant mother attachment based on object relations psychoanalytical theory and the conceptualizationRead MoreAttachment Vs. Attachment Theory1977 Words   |  8 Pagespast research looking into what attachment/ attachment theory is, focusing on Bowlby’s (1973) research into why an infant’s first attachment is so important. Followed, by the work of Ainsworth et al (1978) bringing to light the findings from the strange situation, and how the research can explain mental illness. From this and in-depth discus sion looking at how the previously discussed pieces of research have an effect on two particular disorders, depression and anxiety; while keeping a holistic approachRead MoreAttachment Theory For Understanding Risk And Protection Factors Within Developmental Psychology1988 Words   |  8 Pagespast research looking into what attachment/ attachment theory is, focusing on Bowlby’s (DATE) research into why an infant’s first attachment is so important. Followed, by the work of Ainsworth et al (1978) bringing to light the findings from the strange situation, and how the research can explain mental illness. From this and in-depth discussion looking at how the previously discussed pieces of research have an effect on two particular disorders, depression and anxiety; while keeping a holistic approachRead MoreWhat Are The Cognitive Development Of The First Two Years1019 Words   |  5 Pagesunfamiliar person moves too close. †¢ Separation anxiety: Tears, dismay, or anger when a familiar caregiver leaves. If it remains strong after age 3, it may be considered an emotional disorder. (Jane Klingberg, pp slides) Infant emotions †¢ Fear: Emerges at about 9 months in response to people, things, or situations. †¢ Stranger wariness: Infant no longer smiles at any friendly face but cries or looks frightened when an unfamiliar person moves too close. †¢ Separation anxiety: 1. Tears, dismay, or anger whenRead MoreSeparation Of Separation Anxiety Disorder1017 Words   |  5 PagesSeparation anxiety Disorder Have you ever been attached to something? Have you ever thought or felt that your life couldn’t continue without this object? Separation anxiety is very common, statistic show that at least thirty three percent of the population has this disorder. This disorder is the fear of being separated from something or someone. The subject with the disorder views separation as detrimental to their well-being. Caregivers, stuff animals, money, and cell phones are examples of objectsRead MoreRelationship Between Secure Attachment And Resilience1580 Words   |  7 PagesAttachment and Resiliency The focus of this paper is the relationship between secure attachment in children and the resiliency they may display as a result of that healthy attachment, it also looks at the negative consequences that children experience when there is a deficit in quality attachments. Attachment theory has been shown to be crucial to adaptive systems, moderating anxiety by encouraging children to feel reassured, connected, and competent (Lisa R. Jackson-Cherry, 2014, p. 16) and without

The Legalization Of Assisted Suicide - 1650 Words

While suicide itself is no longer considered a crime within the United States, physician-assisted suicide remains illegal. This practice, despite being closely related, varies from euthanasia. These two practices are distinguished by who administers the lethal dose that kills the patient; euthanasia is administered by a doctor whereas assisted suicide is the patient’s voluntary consumption of a fatal medication that was prescribed by a doctor. Despite the variation, both practices are currently considered manslaughter. However, physician-assisted suicide is currently being reevaluated by at least 18 states across the nation. Contrasting opinions, derived from an individual s personal values, have led to a debate over whether this practice is morally acceptable. While those in favor of the legalization of assisted suicide consider it cruel to force terminally ill patients to live, others believe that it would endanger the weak, corrupt the practice of medicine, compromise famil y relationships, and betray human dignity. According to Newsweek, even with safeguards in place, the weak and the marginalized are endangered by physician-assisted suicide. Multiple government sponsored surveys within the Netherlands, where this practice is legal, reveal that there have been thousands of cases where doctors administered lethal injections without permission and failed to report it to authorities. This shows that some doctors have abused their position to unlawfully murder theirShow MoreRelatedThe Legalization Of Assisted Suicide1280 Words   |  6 PagesSupreme Court ruled that there is neither a constitutional right nor a constitutional prohibition of assisted suicide. This ruling allowed for Oregon state to begin to â€Å"experimenting† with the legalization. Though, the majority of states continue to stand firmly behind their decision on the legalization of assisted suicide. On one hand, people find this issue to be unethical, that assisted suicide only exterminates the possibility of recovery. On t he other hand, people believe that patients who haveRead MoreThe Legalization Of Assisted Suicide2314 Words   |  10 PagesThe ongoing disagreements within the legalization of Assisted Suicide are never ending. In the modern healthcare field, assisted suicide has many problems faced upon the unsafe environments and the abuse within the laws provided. As we live on a day to day basis, new and improved technologies shape the medical field. It is the professional s job to be up to date on what is going on whether it is the physical issues or world matters. Most see assisted suicide as a terrible form to go about takingRead MoreThe Legalization of Assisted Suicide1291 Words   |  5 PagesAssisted Suicide has through out history caused controversy among our society. There are two sides to this issue, one that passionately supports it, and those who religiously disagree. I believe that assisted suicide should become legal for several reasons. Assisted suicide gives individuals the rig ht to end their suffering when they personally feel that their time has come to die. Assisted suicide should become legal because if one can decide to put an animal out of its misery, why shouldn’t thatRead MoreThe Legalization Of Physician Assisted Suicide976 Words   |  4 Pagesmake the last months of a person’s life as comfortable as possible, ultimately palliative and hospice care become ineffective in helping with the excruciating pain. Thus, the legalization of physician assisted suicide provides a compassionate death while preserving the concept of patient autonomy. Physician-assisted suicide enables terminally ill patients to die comfortably and peacefully in their own homes. Terminally ill patients suffer through constant pain in their final months, and there remainsRead MoreThe Legalization Of Physician Assisted Suicide1265 Words   |  6 PagesParker March, 14, 2015 Assisted Suicide Introduction There are several ethical and legal issues that are raised by the majority concerning the legalization of physician assisted suicide and the role of nurses in the process. Assisted suicide is a legal act of assisting those who are suffering from a deadly illness in ending their lives by providing them the means to do it (Griffith, 2014). Netherland was the first country to legalize physician assisted suicide. In 1994, Oregon becameRead MoreThe Legalization Of Physician Assisted Suicide1720 Words   |  7 PagesIt is obvious discussing physician-assisted suicide is a very controversial issue that is discussed daily by those who wish to die to avoid loss of dignity and also by those who think it is unethical. For physician-assisted suicide to even be considered, the patient must be of sound mind when they are requesting death with dignity. Physician-assisted suicide should be a legal option for people who are unable to end their own lives. However, there should be safeg uards to prevent any sort of abuseRead MoreThe Legalization Of Physician Assisted Suicide1984 Words   |  8 PagesAnthony Zhang 4.29.15 Period 3B Living in Pain or Death with Dignity The legalization of physician assisted suicide (PAS) in Oregon in 1994 changed the face of the argument between those who believe in death with dignity and those who believe in letting nature take its course. It was a major victory for PAS advocates as the first state in America had legalized PAS in the country’s history. In 2008, the neighboring state of Washington followed suit with a similar law and legalized PAS by a 58-42Read MoreLEGALIZATION OF ASSISTED SUICIDE IN THE U.S. Currently, physician-assisted suicide or death is2900 Words   |  12 PagesLEGALIZATION OF ASSISTED SUICIDE IN THE U.S. Currently, physician-assisted suicide or death is illegal in all states except Oregon, Vermont, Montana and Washington. Present law in other states express that suicide is not a crime, but assisting in suicide is. Supporters of legislation legalizing assisted suicide claim that the moral right to life should encompass the right to voluntary death. Opponents of assisted suicide claim that society has a moral and civic duty to preserve the lives of innocentRead MoreLegalization Of Physician Assisted Suicide820 Words   |  4 Pages In February 6, 2015, the Supreme Court of Canada made a momentous decision that would legalize physician-assisted death within a year. Physician-assisted suicide (PAS), in simple words, means doctors prescribe a lethal dose of medication that patients take themselves. The question that whether the Criminal Code provisions should prohibit physician-assisted suicide has been discussed in public for several decades. Actually, decriminalizing PAS may cause some sorts of abuses, but not decriminalizingRead MoreThe Need for the Legalization of Physician-Assisted Suicide2485 Words   |  10 Pagesprevent death. Many people turn to a procedure known as Physician-Assisted suicide, a process by which a doctor aids in ending a terminally ill patient’s life. This procedure is painless and effective, allowing patients to control their death and alleviate unnecessary suffering. In spite of these benefits, Physician-Assisted suicide is illegal in many places both nationally and internationally. Despite the fact that Physician-Assisted suicide is opposed by many Americans and much of the world on ethical

Velazquez (or Velasquez), Diego free essay sample

Velazquez ( or Velasquez ) , Diego ( 1599-1660 ) . Spain s greatest painter was besides one of the supreme creative persons of all clip. A maestro of technique, extremely single in manner, Diego Velasquez may hold had a greater influence on European art than any other painter. Diego Rodriguez de Silva Velasquez was born in Seville, Spain, presumptively shortly before his baptism on June 6, 1599. His male parent was of baronial Lusitanian descent. In his teens he studied art with Francisco Pacheco, whose girl he married. The immature Velasquez one time declared, I would instead be the first painter of common things than 2nd in higher art. He learned much from analyzing nature. After his matrimony at the age of 19, Velasquez went to Madrid. When he was 24 he painted a portrayal of Philip IV, who became his frequenter. The creative person made two visits to Italy. On his first, in 1629, he copied chef-doeuvres in Venice and Rome. We will write a custom essay sample on Velazquez (or Velasquez), Diego or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page He returned to Italy 20 old ages subsequently and bought many pictures by Titian, Tintoretto, and Paolo Veronese and statuary for the male monarch s aggregation. Except for these journeys Velasquez lived in Madrid as tribunal painter. His pictures include landscapes, fabulous and spiritual topics, and scenes from common life, called genre images. Most of them, nevertheless, are portrayals of tribunal luminaries that rank with the portrayals painted by Titian and Anthony Van Dyck. Duties of Velasquez royal offices besides occupied his clip. He was finally made marshal of the royal family, and as such he was responsible for the royal quarters and for be aftering ceremonials. In 1660 Velasquez had charge of his last and greatest ceremonial the nuptials of the Infanta Maria Theresa to Louis XIV of France. This was a most luxuriant matter. Worn out from these labours, Velasquez contracted a febrility from which he died on August 6. Velasquez was called the noblest and most dominating adult male among the creative persons of his state. He was a maestro realist, and no painter has surpassed him in the ability to prehend indispensable characteristics and repair them on canvas with a few wide, certain shots. His work forces and adult females seem to take a breath, it has been said ; his Equus caballuss are full of a ction and his Canis familiariss of life. Because of Velasquez great accomplishment in unifying colour, visible radiation, infinite, beat of line, and mass in such a manner that all have equal value, he was known as the painter s painter. Ever since he taught Bartolom # 1081 ; Murillo, Velasquez has straight or indirectly led painters to do original parts to the development of art. Others who have been perceptibly influenced by him are Francisco de Goya, Camille Corot, Gustave Courbet, Edouard Manet, and James McNeill Whistler. His celebrated pictures include The Surrender of Breda, an equestrian portrayal of Philip IV, The Spinners, The Maids of Honor, Pope Innocent X, Christ at Las Meninas ( Maids of Honor ) As tribunal painter to Philip IV, Velazquez spent a big portion of his life recording, in his cool, degage manner, the nonsubjective visual aspect of this rigidly conventional royal family, with small reading but with the keenest oculus for choosing what was of import for pictoral look and with a control of pigment to procure precisely the coveted consequence. Through familiarity, while in Italy, with the work of Caravaggio and through contact with the Spaniard Jusepe de Ribera ( 1588-1656 ) , he learned something of the potencies of a really limited pallet, black and neutrals, as is apparent in many of his portrayals, which are elusive harmoniousnesss of greies and inkinesss. In painting these royal portrayals, whatever reading he made or whatever emotional reaction he experienced he kept to himself. Royalty, courtliness of the most stiff character was his undertaking to portray, non single personality. However, the portrayal of Innocent X leads on to surmise that there might hold been more reading had the painter been free to show it. Through his pattern of utilizing pigment as it is used in Maids of Honor, and Innocent X, in short or long, thin or thick, seemingly headlong and self-generated but really most skilfully deliberate shots, Velasquez was a precursor of the modern pattern or direct picture. # 1057 ; # 1087 ; # 1080 ; # 1089 ; # 1086 ; # 1082 ; # 1083 ; # 1080 ; # 1090 ; # 1077 ; # 1088 ; # 1072 ; # 1090 ; # 1091 ; # 1088 ; # 1099 ; # 1044 ; # 1083 ; # 1103 ; # 1087 ; # 1086 ; # 1076 ; # 1075 ; # 1086 ; # 1090 ; # 1086 ; # 1074 ; # 1082 ; # 1080 ; # 1076 ; # 1072 ; # 1085 ; # 1085 ; # 1086 ; # 1081 ; # 1088 ; # 1072 ; a # 1086 ; # 1090 ; # 1099 ; a # 1099 ; # 1083 ; # 1080 ; # 1080 ; # 1089 ; # 1087 ; # 1086 ; # 1083 ; # 1100 ; # 1079 ; # 1086 ; # 1074 ; # 1072 ; # 1085 ; # 1099 ; # 1084 ; # 1072 ; # 1090 ; # 1077 ; # 1088 ; # 1080 ; # 1072 ; # 1083 ; # 1099 ; # 1089 ; # 1089 ; # 1072 ; # 1081 ; # 1090 ; # 1072 ; hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ibiblio.org/louvre/paint/

Kansas Sales Budget

The memo demonstrates that that the sales budget for Kansas. The goal for the sales team in Kansas is to acquire 2,000 customers for this area and achieve a $10,000,000 sales budget. The aim of the budget is to identify the potential of the market to actually attain the sales target of $10,000,000.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Kansas Sales Budget specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In order to achieve this, the sales budget uses BPI (buying power index). BPI index is used to attain the buying potential of the consumers categorized by demographic or regions. BPI helps to identify the market factors, helps to correlate them to the potential of the area under study, and then creates a potential. The BPI for Kansas City, MO-KS is 0.7728 and it is ranked 32 in 2009 survey. Depending on the percentage of the disposable income in Kansas that is indicated by the BPI, the advertising expenses budget will be determine d. The main aim of the project was to attain the greatest available resources to attain new customer base of 2000. The company can target at 100000 retails and if 15% of the retailers become prospects and out of these 15%, only 30% become the real consumers. The memo therefore states that the sales forecast for the 12 months period are expected to fall short of the target in Kansas City, MO-KS. The reason being no matter how much sales promotions and advertising are adopted in the city it cannot be overlooked that the BPI in the area is low indicating a low disposable income and therefore buying power. This would curtail any sales pitch made by the company in the region. Therefore, a proposal to lower the sales target is forwarded to gain more strategic insight into the sales forecast and budgeting. This case study on Kansas Sales Budget was written and submitted by user Tomas Carlson to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Slowing Revelotion essays

Slowing Revelotion essays Technology, a progressive tool in the last decade! Every day technology influences many Americans in their daily living, from cell phones, microwaves, CD-players, home personal computers, to lap top computers technology has made the American standard of living easier and convenient. In the last decade technology has affected many components in our American culture. The President of the United States Bill Clinton has deemed one of these components as the New Economy. The New Economy is the information technology revolution that has changed the way America does business, and has changed our market and others around the world. Can the market depend on the information technology revolution to be as prosperous in the future? What factors contributed to the New Economy? In the early 1990s technology was knocking at the doors of every Americans home. Affordability and convenience is what lead to the rebirth of the economy. Personal computers or PCs for short were much more obtainable in the early 90s, with more Americans with computers in their homes Americans became one with technology. The growing popularity of PCs led to the biggest benefactor in our economic revolution, the Internet. Today the Internet is household terminology; daily business of all sorts is performed on the Internet by all ages in the world. Users can access personal mail through e-mail, read headline news, research anything, and shop for goods and services from the comfort of home. Around 1995 the Internet Boom was recognized, the Internet became a huge shopping mall for consumers. According to Paul Kedrosky writer for the Wall Street Journal, there is an estimate of 10 million web pages on the Internet. This immense amount of growth in the Internet industry has been a key element in our economic prosperity. Many businesses have had significant gains financially in the dot-com i...

Understanding the Palestine Liberation Organization

Understanding the Palestine Liberation Organization Since its creation in 1964, the PLO has gone through several make-oversfrom resistance organization to terrorist organization to quasi-occupying and governmental force (in Jordan and Lebanon) to close to irrelevance in the late 1990s in the Occupied Territories. What is it today and what power does it wield? The Palestine Liberation Organization was created on May 29, 1964, at a meeting of the Palestine National Congress in Jerusalem. The Congress meeting, the first in Jerusalem since the 1948 Arab-Israeli war, was held at the then-brand new Intercontinental Hotel. Its earliest leader was Ahmed Shukairy, a lawyer from Haifa. His leadership was quickly eclipsed by that of Yasser Arafat. Arab Duplicity in PLOs Creation The blueprint for the PLO was drawn by Arab states at an Arab League meeting in Cairo in January 1964. Arab states, especially Egypt, Syria, Jordan, and Iraq, were chiefly interested in channeling Palestinian nationalism in such a way that Palestinian refugees on their soil would not destabilize their regimes. The motive behind the creation of the PLO was therefore duplicitous from the start: Publicly, Arab nations averred solidarity with the Palestinian cause of reclaiming Israel. But strategically, the same nations, intent on keeping Palestinians on a short leash, funded and used the PLO as a means to control Palestinian militancy while using it for leverage in relations with the West and, in the 1980s and 1990s, with Israel. It wouldnt be until 1974 that the Arab League, meeting in Rabat, Morocco, officially recognized the PLO as the sole representative of the Palestinians. The PLO As a Resistance Organization When the 422 Palestinian delegates claiming to represent half a million refugees formed the PLO in Jerusalem in May 1964, they rejected any plans to resettle those refugees in host Arab nations and called for the elimination of Israel. They declared in an official comuniquà ©: Palestine is ours, ours, ours. We shall accept no substitute homeland. They also created the Palestine Liberation Army, or PLA, though its autonomy was always doubtful as it was part of the armies of Egypt, Jordan, and Syria. Again, those nations used the PLA both to control Palestinians and use Palestinian militants as leverage in their own proxy conflicts with Israel. The strategy was not successful. How Arafats PLO Came to Be The PLA conducted several attacks on Israel but never amounted to a major resistance organization. In 1967, in the Six Day War, Israel demolished the air forces of Egypt, Syria, and Jordan in a surprise, pre-emptive attack (following rising belligerence and threats from Egypts Gamal Abd el-Nasser) and took over the West Bank, the Gaza Strip, and the Golan Heights. Arab leaders were discredited. So was the PLA. The PLO immediately began developing a more militant tenor under the leadership of Yasser Arafat and his Fatah organization. One of Arafats earliest moves was to amend the Palestine National Councils charter in July 1968. He rejected Arab meddling in the PLOs affairs. And he made the liberation of Palestine and the establishment of a secular, democratic state for Arabs and Jews the twin goal of the PLO. Democratic means, however, were not part of PLO tactics. The PLO immediately became more effective than Arabs intended, and more bloody. In 1970 it attempted a take-over of Jordan, which led to its expulsion from that country in a short, bloody war that came to be known as Black September. The 1970s: The PLOs Terrorist Decade The PLO, under the leadership of Arafat Also recast itself as an outright terrorist organization. Among its most spectacular operations was the September 1970 hijacking of three jets, which it then blew up after freeing passengers, in front of television cameras to punish the United States for its support of Israel. Another was the murder of eleven Israeli athletes and coaches and a German police officer during the 1972 Olympic Games in Munich, Germany. Following its expulsion from Jordan, the PLO established itself as a state-within-a-state in Lebanon, where it turned its refugee camps into armed fortresses and training camps used Lebanon as a launching pad for attacks on Israel or Israeli interests abroad. Paradoxically, it was also at the 1974 and 1977 Palestine National Council meetings that the PLO began moderating its ultimate goal by setting its statehood sights on the West Bank and Gaza rather than the whole of Palestine. In the early 198s, the PLO began edging toward recognition of Israels right to exist. 1982: The End of the PLO in Lebanon Israel expelled the PLO from Lebanon in 1982 in the culmination of Israels invasion of Lebanon that June. The PLO established its headquarters in Tunis, Tunisia (which Israel bombed in October 1985, killing 60 people). By the late 1980s, the PLO was directing the first intifada in the Palestinian territories. In a speech to the Palestine National Council on Nov. 14, 1988, Arafat recognized Israels right to exist by symbolically declaring the independence of Palestine while endorsing United Nations Security Council 242which calls for the withdrawal of Israeli troops to pre-1967 borders. Arafats declaration was an implicit endorsement of a two-state solution. The United States, led by a lame-duck Ronald Reagan at the time, and Israel, led by the hard-liner Yitzhak Shamir, scorned the declaration, and Arafat was himself discredited when he supported Saddam Hussein in the first Gulf War. The PLO, Oslo, and Hamas The PLO officially recognized Israel, and vice versa, as a result of the Oslo talks of 1993, which also established a framework for peace and a two-state solution. But Oslo never addressed two key issues: Israels illegal settlements in the Occupied Territories, and Palestinian refugees right of return. As Oslo failed, discrediting Arafat, a second Intifada exploded, this time led not by the PLO, but by a rising militant, Islamic organization: Hamas. Arafats power and prestige were further diminished by Israeli incursions into the West Bank and Gaza, including a siege of his own compound in the West Bank town of Ramallah. The PLOs fighters were to some extent incorporated into the Palestine Authoritys police force, while the authority itself took over diplomatic and administrative functions. Arafats death in 2004 and the Palestinian Authoritys decreasing influence over the Territories, compared with Hamas, further diminished the PLOs role as a significant player on the Palestinian scene.

New Product Launch Marketing Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

New Product Launch Marketing Plan - Essay Example However, these have not fully satisfied the diverse needs of the clients. Therefore, by introducing iPhone 6 in the market, Apple Incorporations would be in a position of enjoying a competitive advantage over its competitors (Bilton 2014). The coming of iPhone 6 will revolutionize the apps sector as it will represent a novel development. It will provide an answer to those who have been yearning for larger apps with bigger screens and powerful cameras. As a new generation app, iPhone 6 comes with new and improved features. First, it is much bigger and has a larger screen size of up to 5.5†. In addition to that, it is equipped with a sapphire crystal screen and a more efficient A8 chip processor and camera. Moreover, it has a lighter and thick chassis, touch design and larger storage capacity. This implies that it is a highly advanced app that has a lot of admirable features to attract many clients. Because of this, it will outshine LG G3, Sony Xperia Z2 and HTC One M8 which are slowly losing popularity in the

Porter's Industry Analysis Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Porter's Industry Analysis - Case Study Example Creative, Samsung and Sony and a plethora of other companies manufacture small, portable music players which is an answer to apple ipod, since ipods are quite expensive people prefer buying other reliable music players which are way cheaper than the ipod. Barriers to Entry: Some of the most important points which should be considered under this section are as follows: Time and Cost of Entry Knowledge Economies of Scale Technology Other Barriers Fake Stores in China: â€Å"Recently it was found that there are several fake stores of apple in China, the fake apple products are bound to cost the company losses.† (Fake Apple Stores in China) Several big companies have lost a lot of money because of counterfeit products sold by the fake sellers. These fake stores will directly impact the credibility and the profits of the company, today there are fake stores in China, and tomorrow fake stores may open up in European countries. This will severely impact the brand name of the products and it will also hamper the reputation and the profits, this is a huge barrier and Apple must do something about it. â€Å"The favorable brand perception had also increased sales of Macintosh computers. So iPod gives the company access to a whole new series of segments that buy into other parts of the Apple brand. Sales of its notebooks products is also very strong, and represents a huge contribution to income for Apple.† (Apple SWOT) Threat of New Entrants: The following points must be considered under threat of new entrants: Verizon allows streaming audio and video with the help of a software called v-cast New entrants equipped with disruptive technology could affect apple significantly Bargaining Power of Suppliers: Intel, IBM, Motorola and others are big rivals of apple when it comes to processors and computer technology, it could give the new ipad and the iphone a good run for its money Sony, Warner, BMG and others are huge suppliers of music ABC, Fox, Sony and many oth ers are huge suppliers of movies and popular television shows Bargaining Power of Customer: Peer to peer technology provides free music to the customers Distributors may press apple to reduce its price or for better terms Economic downturn will lead to decreased spending of customers Substitutes Present a Substantial Threat: Satellite radio is becoming increasingly popular for music Xbox and the PS3 provide great entertainment, media and music can be enjoyed on these gaming consoles Dvds and Cds provide an alternate source of movies and music Theaters, cable tv and other sources are alternate sources for movies and videos Recommendations for apple: Maintain the same quality but bring down the prices a bit Joint ventures would surely prove profitable plots Focus on knowledge management Open more stores so that customers can easily get their hands on the latest products Work at making the technology better, innovation is the key to success. References Apple has More Money than the US Government (2011). Tech News. Retrieved from

The novel Oliver Twist Essay Example for Free

The novel Oliver Twist Essay The novel Oliver Twist was written in 1867 by Charles Dickens, a social reformer and also a philanthropist. Dickens had a particular aim in writing the novel. He wanted to show the reality of underclass criminals, traditionally glamorized in fiction. He was motivated by writing such personal experiences as his obsession with grinding poverty was intense. Dickens was middle lower class. His father was jailed for debt and with know one to maintain him, he was sent to work in a blacking factory. The labour force incorporated urchins and rough working class lads, here he was forced to accept the reality of poverty. Bill Sikes is one of the main characters in Oliver Twist he is essential to Dickens aim because he illustrates criminality and poverty. Critics stated that Sikes had no redeeming features, but the truth is he has. it is TRUE every man who has watched these melancholy shades of life must know it to be so. And because it is so unrealizable that people like Bill do exist Dickens offers the reality to poverty, hypocrisy, crime and hunger. Dickens use of superlatives shows us how he tries to paint a picture of the exactness of underground criminals. To paint them all in their deformity and wretchedness. Bill is the archetypal villain in Oliver Twist, his actions ruin the life of prostitute Nancy who saves Oliver because she doesnt want Fagin and Sikes to corrupt his life just like they corrupted hers. Sikes is manipulative and he knows what he is capable of. Dont speak to me its not safe. When we first meet Bill, Dickens describes him as a stoutly built fellow of 35 with a bulky pair of legs and large swelling carves. This automatically gives the reader an impression of Bill Sikes power. It looks as if he intimidates people with his body size, he not only uses his body but his eyes also give a sense of extortion two scowling eyes. Although Sikes has a subdue attitude, he tries to impress people by wearing expensive clothes that dont quite make the grade. A black velveteen coat, a brown hat and a dirty belcher handkerchief around his neck, his solid drab breeches remind people of his criminal dealings. Sikes often wipes the beer from his face on to his velveteen coat and it is distinctly confirmed in the quote that his handkerchief is filthy. This shows us that in spite of the fact him wearing costly garments he doesnt meet the standards by reason of grubbiness. Dickens characterizes Sikes as a ruffian, his voice is griff due to him not speaking proper standard English. Growled his engaging ruffian.

political ideology Essay -- essays research papers

Position Paper: Political Ideology   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Upon entering my first semester at Southern Nazarene University I could not have told you my political ideology. I knew what my opinions, observations, expectations, and ideals were, but did not know the proper ideology that would define them. Through several courses that I have taken, I have become more informed as to the role that I would like to see the government take throughout society as a whole and in the economy. Upon reading the section of ideology in American Government and Politics Today: the Essentials I learned that the correct term for my ideology is right-wing Conservatism. I would like to see the government take action if necessary in the economy, yet let capitalism and the economy regulate itself if possibl...

Fight Club and the Idea of Nonsensical Life Essay

In our dynamic and busy society, every one is prone to suffer some psychological problems from its faintest symptoms to the most severe effect to the human mind. This trouble occurs because our society can not satisfy our mental capabilities. This shows that even if the human mind is regarded as the most important and most reliable machine in the universe, there is still the possibility that it cannot handle every inch of information fed into it, which unfortunately draws back with negative effects in our social and psychological nature. The psychological problems are somewhat manifested in the actions of people in our everyday activities which includes social interaction, eating, walking, sleeping, and others. The body, together with our mind is our ultimate weapon to all problems that attacks us in every minute of every day, thus it is important to take care of our body and mind to ensure a smooth flow of social and psychological functions One of the most common problems that people around the world experience that has something to do with the psychological nature and has an effect in the social realm is the presence of insomnia. This is a physiological and psychological problem that makes a person stay awake for hours in the night and could lead to depression, anxiety, and other psychological and social problems if not being taken cared of. This could be seen in situations of stress and other social factors such as boredom and heavily depressing situations that makes the mind of an individual relatively awake at night, and affects many aspects of its life including his/her career, social life and interaction, leisure, and even the family. This is illustrated in Chuck Palahniuk’s novel â€Å"Fight Club†. Wherein, the main character or the narrator suffers from insomnia and eventually led him to other directions of life that changed the course of his whole nature and realm forever. â€Å"I want to a good night’s sleep. I want to get up without feeling that to waken is to plunge through a trap door†(40). This poem line shows us that many people experience problems of insomnia, which have a different effect on every body based on the interpretation and diagnosis from the persons history and psychological disposition. So why do people suffer from insomnia and psychological problem? One of the main reasons, I think is that, most people who go through is have a feeling that their lives were senseless or vain. This also makes it easier to understand that people who suffer any psychological problem have the tendency to overreact and unfortunately lead themselves to death. Their idea of a good life is being overrun by anxiety and senseless assumptions that makes them think that their actions arte not enough to act ordinarily and make themselves think as if they are the ones responsible for failures and misrecognitions. Chuck wrote about these feelings in his book through the use of a character named Tyler. Tyler shows the people his influence through his illustration of nonsensical lives the people had been which gave him the reason to create the group and the fight club members a new reason to live their lives as they prefer it. The first life that Tyler changed was essentially his own. The main character and Tyler are actually the same person although the narrator did not learn this until near the end of the story. When Tyler and the narrator first met together, they started fight club after Tyler’s uttered his legendary phrase, `I want you to hit me as hard as you can` (Palahniuk 46). This started a totally different period in the narrator’s life. Different from the meaningless but contented life he had been experiencing. This led to an unstructured yet significant life moment he felt in everyday of his life. It is far from his unhappy, monotonous and tedious life at the office, selling cars and dealing with his hated boss. The narrator, having had his life changed by Tyler and fight club, then goes on to say, `You aren’t alive anywhere like your alive at fight club` (51). The narrator would rather be at fight club than anywhere else in the world. Along with this, he also says that `After a night in fight club, everything in the real world gets the volume turned down` (49). The main character cannot compare his experiences at fight club to anything else in his life. His enthusiasm and eager ness is shown in fight club more than anything in the he ever done in the world, and in the course of his life. Tyler Durden tore down the narrator by changing his life and then rebuilt his life by starting fight club with him. For the narrator, his unexpected meeting with Tyler is the most phenomenal yet unbelievable thing that he never thought could change his nonsensical life. Tyler also changed strangers’ lives by establishing Project Mayhem and giving assignments at fight club, to be executed and that would make a change in the social environment as the day goes on. Tyler ordered the members to each make twelve human sacrifices to ensure their existence in the organization and make their commitment as sincere as possible thru these assignments. The best example is the human sacrifice the narrator made of Raymond Hessel. The narrator takes Raymond at gunpoint and makes him explain that he has failed at becoming a veterinarian. After telling Raymond that he will kill him if he won’t be on his way to becoming a veterinarian in three months, the narrator lets him go and remarks, `Raymond K. K. Hessel, your dinner is going to taste better than any meal you’ve ever eaten, and tomorrow will be the most beautiful day of your life` (155). By doing this, the narrator has made Raymond stop taking his life for granted and made him do something productive with his life. Although most people would see this act as being mean or cruel, this is the best and most effective way for the narrator to get Raymond to stop taking his life for granted. In other words, there is a great effect given off by the group not only upon themselves but to other people as well. It did not matter if these people are total strangers, but what is important to them is the huge effect they make in the lives of people, including that of Tyler’s and the narrator’s. By following the rules and compensating the value of their commitment, the members practically make their lives as meaningful to them, especially inside of the fight club circle. Tyler then expands his vision and decides to create Project Mayhem to try to change the world. With all the effect of fight club in the minds of its members and the effect of their actions in the society, they became a large organization that plans to take over the society by way of Tyler Durden’s words and commands. In other words, his words are like God’s commandments that should be followed in order to make some changes in the scenes of problematic worldviews. He says `Like fight club does with clerks and box boys, Project Mayhem will break up civilization so that we can make something better out of the world` (125). He sees that the only way to change the world is to destroy it so it can rebuild into something stronger. Tyler thought of the world as `my world, my world, and those ancient people are dead` (124). He wanted the world to be his generations world and for it to be `free of history. ` Tyler saw that history had done harm to the world, so if they freed the world from its history they were `going to save the world` (125). Project Mayhems main focus is to take the world one step back so they can move three steps forward. It is like an anarchistic thought that, people should not believe in what ever authorities say, what is important is what Tyler says and the members should believe and respect it like no other authorities exist. By putting into every one’s mind that fight club should not be talked about outside of their organizational circle, the group remains as underground as possible to protect their identity and to protect their principle to change the mainstream interpretation of the world. With this, it shows that it reflects the world view of the narrator as a tedious and tiring scenario wherein he should obey every word his boss says. Or he should do every work given to him everyday. Sometimes we are tricked into thinking that the only ways for change to come about is to keep moving forward and in the same direction. In Fight Club, we are shown that this is not true by the character of Tyler and that sometimes it is better to move backwards so we can progress forwards. Not only is this true in the book, but it can also be applied to situations in the real world. In addition, we may take another path to attain progress and growth other than what is given to us by the world. People’s view on the world and life as a whole should be taken on its next level that we should not only think in its linear sense but in a diffusing one. More possibilities and more options. This was also internalized by the narrator through the revelation of Tyler Durden’s identity throughout the story, which gave him other idea of life not just the ordinary life he experienced in the past. But on the otherhand this also led to more serious complications of life as a whole. Works Cited Palahniuk, Chuck. Fight Club. USA: WW Norton, 1996.

Stop-Time’ by Frank Conroy: An Overview

In Frank Conroy’s memoir, Stop-Time, he encounters many situations throughout his childhood that allow him to mature and gain knowledge of the world he lives in. As Frank grows older, he understands fear, hatred, and unfairness. He first encounters corruption when a police officer approaches him and Jean on the streets of New York and accepts a bribe from Jean. As Frank watches the police officer casually leave after taking the bribe, he feels disillusionment towards the police officer. By passively observing the officer, rather than aggressively interfering in the situation, Frank matures. Frank’s encounter with the police officer allows him to comprehend that anyone, regardless their level of authority, is capable of setting their morals aside and cheating. Frank and Jean meet with an Italian who shows them how to bribe the cop in order to avoid a citation. In this scene the phrase â€Å"son of a bitch† is used ambiguously, since it is hard to tell who might of said this (133). By not specifying who said the phrase â€Å"son of a bitch,† it leads to the assumption that that either Frank or the Italian or both, are expressing their anger towards the police officer. Frank and the Italian feel resignation towards the police officer. The police officer abuses his power of authority; he possesses the power to control many of the fruit vendors by forcing them to pay a small fine. The police officer is playing a game with all the fruit vendors in which only he is victorious. The ambiguity of this phrase can also stand as a representation of all the fruit vendors, they all feel that they have lost to the cop’s game and end up giving him what he wants. As the police officer approaches Jean and Frank’s fruit stand, Jean orders Frank not to watch the cop. However Frank’s curiosity takes over and he ignores Jean and waits to see whether or not the cop accepts the bribe. Frank describes the cop’s actions and attitude as calm. The police officer was â€Å"slapping [the baton] neatly into his palm every few seconds like the piston of an engine. † Frank compares the cop’s actions to a piston of an engine to signify his calm and repetitive actions of corruption. A piston of an engine repeatedly goes up and down with no other movement and continues until the engine is shut off. Frank’s comparison of the cop to a piston signifies that the cop routinely breaks the law. The cop’s breaking law routine ends when he no longer wears the uniform and is off duty. This shows that the cop is like any other person; once his shift is over he looses all power of authority, just like a piston looses its power when the engine is stalled. The police officer’s act of corruption consumes Frank’s attention. Frank’s passive observance and curiosity allows him to describe the police officer with great detail. When the officer came within touching distance, Frank becomes shocked as the police officer reaches over to take the money. Frank’s focus allows him to describe the cop’s, â€Å"big arm, covered with thick, curly, ginger-colored hair,† in great detail. The great detail he describes is due to Frank’s astonishment that a police officer, who is supposed to uphold the law, would break the law. Frank’s passive observance allows him to become more mature: Frank had many opportunities to speak up and take action to stop the cop from taking the bribe, but he remained silent and still. Before the police officer took the bribe, Frank respected the police officer, but after he took it, he was nobody. After Frank witness the police officer take the bribe and walk away, he transforms the way he thinks of authority and regards those who break the law as nobodies. Frank strips away the Police officers power by saying, â€Å"approaching, he’d been a policeman, and now, retreating, he was just a man dressed in blue. † (133). As Frank is experiencing this, he begins to understand that police officers who gain authority by dressing a certain way with a badge, does not necessarily mean that they will enforce the law and do the right things. Frank takes the power away from the cop by describing him â€Å"as a man just dressed in blue,† with no special significance, as if he were just any other person rather than an authoritative policeman. Frank â€Å"couldn’t have been more astonished if [the police officer] disappeared in thin air. † (133) Air is a representation of nothing. Frank’s reference of the cop to air signifies that the cop has no authority: the cop is just like any ordinary person. When you think of a police officer, you imagine peace and order. When Frank encounters a police officer, he gets exposed to corruption. Being exposed to corruption helps Frank realize that the world he lives in is not perfect. Conroy learns that individuals should respect authority and not rebel when an authoritative figure performs an act of corruption. However you should question corruption rather than be oppressed by it. Frank matured by not interfering with the police officer, but he could of gain more knowledge by revolting the cop’s action and standing up for what he thinks is right.

Essay on Eth 125 Final

Essay on Eth 125 Final Essay on Eth 125 Final Jessica Nosbish ETH 125 Jennifer Friedrich September 6, 2013 Diversity in the United States Diversity in the United States gives us a better understanding as to what everyone goes through. Not only are people treated differently, but everyone is not treated based on their knowledge or personality, people are almost categorized and put in groups to better be described by others. Every individual is different, but everyone should be treated with respect. The United States sets a great example on what people should be treated like. Events in history like slavery, women’s rights, or equal rights are all apart of movements that are set in history to improve equal treatment. These are events that have made paths in time to let us all where we are today. There is still more things to do to improve these problems with diversity, and still more to be taught to everyone. Living in a world now that involves different diversities helps me understand who everyone is and who I am. Finding that everyone comes from a different background and everyone deserves more than just being i gnored. Today there is more than just being pushed aside or looked at with grief or pity. People should be treated equally, but is everyone really treated equal, of course not, a person cannot change their understanding or thought process even though it is wrong. The truth that I can’t wrap my head around is that most people or not all are treated with some sort of discrimination. The whole concept of a person being treated as well as you treat yourself is never going to happen, not even with your significant other. Difference should not be bad; a person can be different but be accepted into society as an equal partner or person. Whenever I come across a person who is not being treated equal or given a chance of opportunity it is sad, but if just one person can come to acceptance of everyone and understand that a person is a person. The area where I grew up was mostly in the suburbs. I grew up mostly with Caucasian families. Not only was there no other families that were Afr ican American, Hispanic, or Asian, but I grew up only thinking that this was the only race even when I moved into a smaller town. Not only was there one Hispanic in my whole high school, but there was no other races. I was not aware that there are different ethnicities, so naive and young I couldn’t comprehend people that didn’t have the same skin tone. I read in books and never met another that was not Caucasian. Not only was I unaware, my parents never spoke of different races. As soon as I got a job things changed, I worked with a lot of people and met different cultures, I worked at a grocery store in the cities and found that people are different and are raised differently. Not only was I not taught of different cultures, but I was scared to approach someone that looked different. This was all new to me, being sixteen and not understanding anything about the real world. Being so dumb and young doesn’t help unless my mind is willing to learn. I was so intrig ued by everyone else and wanted to know everything. I wanted to believe that everyone was equal, but I soon found out that people reflect differently on what race a person is or how much money they had. Cliques were formed and soon I wasn’t really a part of any group. Usually races stuck with each other as well as people that were in the same income class. My parents were Caucasian and didn’t have a lot of money so I feel into becoming a loner. Not only was each group diverse, but they all stuck together, no one went outside their groups even though we all worked at the same place. Now I look back at everything I was taught and what I learned on my own, I find that most people judge everyone just based on categories. Finding that everyone is judged right when they walk through the door is remarkable. I think of the same comparison as when a person is sentenced in prison. Not only when a person walks through the door,

The Original 13 States of the United States

The Original 13 States of the United States The first 13 states of the United States of America were comprised of the original British colonies established between 17th and 18th centuries. While the first English settlement in North America was the Colony and Dominion of Virginia, established 1607, the permanent 13  colonies were established as follows: The New England Colonies New Hampshire Province, chartered as a British colony in 1679Massachusetts Bay Province chartered as a British colony in1692Rhode Island Colony chartered as a British colony in 1663Connecticut Colony chartered as a British colony in 1662 The Middle Colonies New York Province, chartered as a British colony in 1686New Jersey Province, chartered as a British colony in 1702Pennsylvania Province, a proprietary colony established in 1681Delaware Colony (before 1776, the Lower Counties on the Delaware River), a proprietary colony established in 1664 The Southern Colonies Maryland Province, a proprietary colony established in 1632Virginia Dominion and Colony, a British colony established in 1607Carolina Province, a proprietary colony established 1663Divided Provinces of North and South Carolina, each chartered as British colonies in 1729Georgia Province, a British colony established in 1732 Establishment of the 13 States The 13 states were officially established by the Articles of Confederation, ratified on March 1, 1781. The Articles created a loose confederation of sovereign states operating alongside a weak central government. Unlike the current power-sharing system of â€Å"federalism,† the Articles of Confederation bestowed most governmental powers to the states. The need for a stronger national government soon became apparent and eventually led to the Constitutional Convention in 1787. The United States Constitution replaced the Articles of Confederation on March 4, 1789.The original 13 states recognized by the Articles of Confederation were (in chronological order): Delaware (ratified the Constitution on December 7, 1787)Pennsylvania (ratified the Constitution on December 12, 1787)New Jersey (ratified the Constitution on December 18, 1787)Georgia (ratified the Constitution on January 2, 1788)Connecticut (ratified the Constitution on January 9, 1788)Massachusetts (ratified the Constitution on February 6, 1788)Maryland (ratified the Constitution on April 28, 1788)South Carolina (ratified the Constitution on May 23, 1788)New Hampshire (ratified the Constitution on June 21, 1788)Virginia (ratified the Constitution on June 25, 1788)New York (ratified the Constitution on July 26, 1788)North Carolina (ratified the Constitution on November 21, 1789)Rhode Island (ratified the Constitution on May 29, 1790) Along with the 13 North American colonies, Great Britain also controlled New World colonies in present-day Canada, the Caribbean, as well as East and West Florida by 1790. Today, the process by which U.S. territories attain full statehood is left largely to the discretion of Congress under Article IV, Section 3 of the U.S. Constitution, which states, in part, â€Å"The Congress shall have Power to dispose of and make all needful Rules and Regulations respecting the Territory or other Property belonging to the United States†¦Ã¢â‚¬ Ã‚   Brief History of the US Colonies While the Spanish were among the first Europeans to settle in the â€Å"New World,† England had by the 1600s established itself as the dominant governing presence along the Atlantic coast of what would become the United States. The first English colony in America was founded in 1607 in Jamestown, Virginia. Many of the settlers had come to the New World to escape religious persecution or in hopes of economic gains. In September 1620, the Pilgrims, a group of oppressed religious dissidents from England, boarded their ship, the Mayflower and set sail for the New World. Arriving off the coast of what is now Cape Cod in November 1620, they established a settlement at Plymouth, Massachusetts. After surviving great initial hardships in adjusting to their new homes, colonists in both Virginia and Massachusetts thrived with the well-publicized assistance of nearby Native American tribes. While increasingly large crops of corn kept them fed, tobacco in Virginia provided them with a lucrative source of income. By the early 1700s a growing share of the colonies’ population was comprised of African slaves. By 1770, the population of Britain’s 13 North American colonies had grown to more than 2 million people. By the early 1700s enslaved Africans made up a growing percentage of the colonial population. By 1770, more than 2 million people lived and worked in Great Britains 13 North American colonies. Government in the Colonies On November 11, 1620, before establishing their Plymouth Colony, the Pilgrims drafted the Mayflower Compact, a social contract in which they basically agreed that they would govern themselves. The powerful precedent for self-government set by the Mayflower Compact would be reflected in the system of public town meetings that guided colonial governments across New England. While the 13 colonies were indeed  allowed a high degree of self-government, the British system of mercantilism ensured that the colonies existed purely to benefit the economy of the  mother country. Each colony was allowed to develop its own limited government, which operated under a colonial governor appointed by and answerable to the British Crown. With the exception of the British-appointed governor, the colonists freely elected their own government representatives who were required to administer the English system of â€Å"common law.† Significantly, most decisions of the local colonial governments had to be reviewed and approved by both the colonial governor and the British Crown. A system which would become more cumbersome and contentious as the colonies grew and prospered. By the 1750s, the colonies had started dealing with each other in matters concerning their economic interests, often without consulting the British Crown. This led to a growing feeling of American identity among the colonists who began to demand that the Crown protect their â€Å"Rights as Englishmen,† particularly the right of â€Å"no taxation without representation.† The colonists’ continued and growing grievances with the British government under the rule of King George III would lead to the colonists’ issuance of the Declaration of Independence in 1776, the American Revolution, and eventually, the Constitutional Convention of 1787. Today, the American flag prominently displays thirteen horizontal red and white stripes representing the original thirteen colonies.

The Constitutional question of cruel and unusual punishment and the Research Paper - 1

The Constitutional question of cruel and unusual punishment and the Death Penalty - Research Paper Example A scrutiny of US Supreme Court cases show that although the Court does not regard the death penalty per se as a form of â€Å"cruel and unusual† punishment, its manner of imposition, the circumstances and the persons upon whom it is imposed may bring the case within the ambit of the 8th Amendment clause. Table of Contents Abstract Table of Contents 1.0 Executive Summary 2.0 Introduction 3.0 Background: Death Penalty 3.1 General History of the Death Penalty 3.2 History of the Death Penalty in the US 4.0 Justifications of the Imposition of the Death Penalty 4.1 Retribution 4.2 Deterrence 4.3 Incapacitation 5.0 The 8th Amendment and the Concept of â€Å"Cruel and Unusual† Punishment 5.1 The Eight Amendment 5.2 US Supreme Court Decisions 5.2.1 Weems v. US 217 US 349 (1910) 5.2.2 Furman v Virginia 408 US 238 (1972) 5.2.3 Gregg v Georgia 428 US 153 (1976) 5.2.4 Coker v Georgia 433 US 548 (1977) 5.2.5 Edmund v Florida 458 US 782, 797 (1982) 5.2.6 Atkins v Virginia 536 US 304 ( 2002) 5.2.7 Roper v Simmons 543 US 551 (2005) 6.0 Discussion: Is the Death Penalty a Cruel and Unusual Punishment? 7.0 Conclusion Annotated Bibliography Executive Summary The question as to whether the death penalty is a ‘cruel and unusual punishment† within the context of the 8th Amendment is often the underpinning issue of many cases appealed to the US Supreme Court by appellants who were convicted and sentenced to death by the trial courts. The clause â€Å"cruel and unusual punishment† first appeared in the 1686 English Bill of Rights and was adopted by the Commonwealth of Virginia Declaration of Rights. Its inclusion in the federal Bill of Rights was proposed by James Madison, who himself hailed from Virginia. Although it was successfully incorporated into the 8th Amendment, its exact meaning was not clearly explained nor its relevance in the American setting fully understood. Under the English law, the clause was meant to limit the English courts from imposi ng punishments that were too barbaric and cruel as was the practice of courts during the reign of the House of Stuart. Punishments such as drawing and quartering, boiling the convicts alive or crushing them with heavy objects were just some of the barbaric punishments that the English Courts in the Stuart era employed. In the American setting, the â€Å"cruel and unusual punishment† clause was not much of an issue prior to the 20th century considering that the barbaric practices of the early English courts were unheard of. The modes of execution in the US include hanging, firing squad, gassing, electric chair and just recently, lethal injection. Although some of these modes of execution are more painful that the others, they are not considered barbaric and cruel punishments. A scrutiny of US case law on the matter reveals that the death penalty is not a â€Å"cruel and unusual punishment† within the 8th Amendment context, and yet, sometimes it is. The Court has declare d that it does not per se infringe upon the 8th Amendment, and yet has also ruled in some cases that its imposition is â€Å"cruel and unusual† punishment. It depends on the circumstances of the case and perhaps, the perspective of the Court at the time a death penalty case is being heard. The first time that the clause was made a ground in an appeal was not a death penalty c

Retail Marketing Master Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Retail Marketing Master - Case Study Example It also is a multi-billion pound food retailer. Most of its shops sell both of these categories. Marks & Spencer also has a third product line related to home wares such as bed linen, but this is far smaller than the other two. For much of the 20th century M&S was regarded as the leading retailer in the United Kingdom, and an icon of British business. In 1997 it became the first British retailer to make a profit before tax of over 1 billion, though within a couple of years it plunged into a crisis from which it has not yet fully recovered. It is now less than one quarter of the size of the UK's largest and most profitable retailer, Tesco(http://www.marks-and-spencer.co.uk) Marks & Spencer unlike most of its rivals didn't instantly jump into the television advertising for its marketing and to draw customers. Marks & Spencer launched its first advertisement as late as in the mid 1990s. By selling British-made goods Marks & Spencer made their reputation. They entered into long term relationships with British manufacturers, and sold the goods under the "St Michael" brand (trademark registered in 1928), which was used for both clothes and food (Wall Street Journal,2006). Initially Marks & Spencer accepted the return of unwanted goods, with no time restriction, giving full cash refunds if the receipt was shown. Now it has changed that policy and has adopted a 90-day returns policy. This act made many loyal customers of Marks & Spencer to refrain from buying. The company's main prominence is of quality, but initially it also had a reputation for offering a good value for money. When this reputation began to waver, it encountered serious difficulties. It is a fact that M&S has historically been an iconic retailer of 'British Quality Goods.'(http://www.marks-and-spencer.co.uk) In 1988, Marks & Spencer acquired an American clothing company and a US food chain, naming Brooks Brothers and Kings Super Markets respectively. Marks & Spencer profits were maximized during 1997-98. But these profits were short term due to the rising cost of using British suppliers. Customer loyalty eroded quickly as rival retailers increasingly imported their goods from low-cost countries. In addition, it also lost its fame in the young generation who were reluctant to shop with it. These factors further plunged Marks & Spencer profits into a sudden slump, which took every one by surprise. The company's share price fell by more than two thirds, and its profits fell from more than a billion pounds in 1997 and 1998 to 145 million in the year ended 31 March 2001 (Fort Worth Star-Telegram). In 2001, with changes in their business focus such as the introduction of the "Per Una" clothing range designed by George Davies, accompanied by a redesign of their underlying business model, profits recovered somewhat and M&S recovered some of its market share but this these profits were also short lived(Karen Barth, 2001). Place: Marks & Spencer have adopted an indirect marketing channel i.e. it maintains distribution channel as follows Producer Retailer Consumer Marks & Spencer usually have its own retail stores Promotion: Advertisement:

Strategic Marketing and Marketing planning process Essay

Strategic Marketing and Marketing planning process - Essay Example Therefore, it can be said that the goal of strategic marketing is in defining the course the business should take in order to achieve its strategic goals. At the same time, unlike tactical marketing, which is focused on strategy implementation, strategic marketing involves actual development of the strategy to be implemented. Based on company’s business objectives, strategic marketing deals with determining who the potential customers are, why they would buy the product or service, what it would take them to purchase and so on (Ignite Marketing Group, LLC, 2009). Consequently, strategic marketing performs such functions as market research and segmentation, targeting, and positioning the product. Completed, these tasks then become the basis for conducting an effective marketing campaign, which, in order to be effective, have be well planned. The marketing planning process, therefore, is the process of planning a marketing campaign for the product or service on the basis of information gathered from market research. However, the very first data to consider in the process of marketing planning is the overall business’ goals and objectives, because the actual goal of marketing is to achieve the set goals (Rooney, 2004). On this matter White and Uva (2000) distinguish three levels of planning activities that help businesses in defining their marketing strategies. According to the authors (White and Uva, 2000), they are: However, the strategic marketing plan, being the link between organization’s objectives and practical implementation of chosen strategies, is an essential element of the planning process, because it determines particular and precise goals and strategies to be implemented to achieve those goals. The very first thing to define in the process of marketing planning is company’s mission, meaning its orientation in the market – what

Other Word Formation Processes English Language Essay

Other Word Formation Processes English Language Essay The language learners referred to in this essay are software engineers, in the age group of 23-26, tasked with developing software products for the travel industry. They were selected on the basis of their performance in a language assessment and identified as intermediate users of the language. All of them had studied English for 10 years in school and later at the university English was the medium of instruction. A few of them were risk takers, ready to take on tasks regardless of any mistakes they may make. There were those who were spurred on by the possibility of their deficient language skills impacting their career graph; they were also ready for self-learning and willing to take responsibility for their learning. Some were hesitant, unsure of their knowledge and afraid to make mistakes. All of them were, however, comfortable with technical language, but were very diffident to face situations that called for regular communication. They needed help with everyday vocabulary to communicate effectively with colleagues and clients. Word parts If we consider words as independent/freestanding units with meaning, a notion proposed by McCarthy (1990), then we can see that these units of meaning can further be broken down and re-combined to form other words. Though the word cancelled is an independently meaningful item, under closer observation it becomes clear that this word consists of two units cancel and the past tense marker -ed. The linguistic item cancel is a freestanding word in English, but there is no such word as -ed in English, even though -ed is a meaning-bearing unit. Such linguistic items that are not freestanding are said to be bound and these forms can occur only in combination with other forms. The two meaningful parts, cancel and -ed are called morphemes. Morphemes Katamba (2003) defines morphemes as the atoms with which words are built. Morphemes are the smallest unit of lexical and grammatical meaning and they are realized by morphs, as morphemes do not have a physical representation. A single morpheme can be manifested as multiple complementary morphs in distinct phonological or morphological contexts. Let us look at the past tense marker -ed to understand the distribution of these complementary morphs known as allomorphs. Free morphemes can stand alone as words; whereas bound morphemes such as -ed are only used in combination with other morphemes. There are word forms which have but a single unbound morpheme and others which consists of more than one morpheme. Words like talk, eat and mend are examples of freestanding morphemes and words such as predictable and reflection are formed by combining many morphemes. Affixation Affixes are bound morphemes attached to a stems either to create a new word or a word form. Affixation of morphemes can be either inflectional or derivational. Inflectional affixes Katamba (2003) posits that the English language has minimal inflections because of its tendency to be an isolating language. The few inflections it has are all suffixes. These suffixes are bound morphemes and are attached to the stem to inflect or change words to express grammatical features, such as the changes in tense, number, possession, and degrees of adjectives. There are 8 inflectional suffixes in English and they are: Derivational Affixes In English derivational affixes include both prefixes and suffixes. Katamba (2003) says that the purpose of derivation is to create lexical items and not to produce grammatical units that will fit in a given syntactic position. The three important derivational processes in English are: affixation, conversion and compounding. Affixation is one of the commonest methods of forming words in English. Derivational affixes can be either prefixes, those that are added before the base, or suffixes, that are attached after the base. Word forming processes like creating nouns from verbs, adjectives from verbs and verbs from adjectives are examples of a few derivational practices in English. Derivational affixes are different from inflexional affixes in many ways: They change the word class as well as the meaning of a word to which it is linked energy (n) +- ise -Æ’Â   energise (v) Even though they combine to create a new word they are not affected by syntactic relations outside of the word, they can be separated and recombined with other morphemes to form other combinations. Stem Suffix Derived word Govern (v) -able Governable (adj) Enjoy (v) -ment Enjoyment Derivational morphemes can be attached only to certain stems. Stem Suffix Derived word Violin -ist Violinist Drum -ist *drumist Drum -er Drummer *drumist is not an acceptable word. Other word formation processes Conversion or zero derivation is the predominant method of generating lexical items in English. In this process a lexical item is assigned to a new syntactic category. The word permit can be used either as a noun or as a verb; the phonological representation and the grammatical context in which it is placed are the two aspects that can alert the change in the word-class. (Permit (v) and perMit (n). Crystal (2012) quotes from Shakespeare, Petruchio is Kated as an example of conversion the name of a person becoming a verb to further his argument that conversion was a customary word-formation process even during Shakespeares time. Compounding is the process of joining two bases to create a new word; of the two words, one which is syntactically dominant is considered the head and the other as the modifier. Generally the modifier is placed in front of the head and any suffix that might later be added to the compound word is attached to the head. Compound words are different from phrases; the meaning of a compound word, unlike a phrase, is not the sum of the meaning of the base units that form the word. Iin a compound word the primary stress is on the first word and in a phrase the primary stress is on the last word. Phrase Compound word Meaning of the compound . Blue print Blueprint an early plan or design for a project green house Greenhouse a building used for growing plants that need warmth Should word parts be learned? A cost/benefit analysis of the learning of word parts should be reason enough for a learner of English language to study word parts. Nation quotes from Roberts (1964), Grinstead (1925) and Bird (1987,1990) to point out that around 60% of the English vocabulary is derived from German, French, Latin and Greek and that a large proportion of these words make use of affixes. The analysis of the LOB Corpus carried out by Bird revealed that 97% of the words in the LOB corpus were derived from around 2,000 roots. Nation maintains that the origins of the English vocabulary and the frequency of word parts validate the study of word parts. The two arguments levelled against the teaching/learning of word parts are based on the contention that, the effort involved in learning word parts is not commensurate with language output. A word is not a sum of its parts The first argument against the teaching of word parts is that the meaning of a word is not the sum of its parts (Deighton, 1970); This argument has been countered by White, Power and White (1989) drawing on their own as well as Nagy and Andersons (1984) empirical evidence that most of the affixed words probably at least 80% convey the meaning their parts suggest. Katamba (2003) argues that compositionality is the key to understanding a word. He says that if we know the meaning of the smaller units which make up the larger units we can decipher the meaning of the whole. For example, if we know the meaning of the suffix -ful (filled with x), and the meaning of the base to which these suffixes are attached, then the meaning of words like useful, careful, fearful and cheerful become self-explanatory. Most of the morphemes that form a word have regular/stable meaning; for example, the prefix re- means again in almost all the words in which it occurs. In the light of the empirical evidence and the example we saw we can conclude that the meaning of most of the English words is what its parts suggest and therefore knowledge of the meaning of the parts can help a learner understand a word across contexts and usage. If we were to extend this argument further we could say that this knowledge along with the contextual clues would be useful in decoding even the metaphorical meaning of a word; a head hunter would thus lose the sinister overtones of the past and acquire the current meaning of someone who recruits people into key business positions. Word families in the lexicon The next argument against teaching/learning of word parts is that the knowing the parts of a word may not familiarise a learner with all the members of that word family (Schmitt 1998, 1999, Schmitt Meara 1997). Nation argues that the notion of word family is psychologically real and a word is to be seen as a member of a word family. Knowledge of the word parts can help the learners understand a word in its relation to the other members of the family. For instance, knowledge of the various inflections of English and the meaning of the base of the word predict can familiarise a learner with all the possible combinations (family members) of predict; predict- predicted- predicting- predictable and prediction are just some of the members of that family. Nagy, Anderson, Schommer, Scott, and Stallman (1989) points out that the speed of recognition of a word is based on the frequency of occurrence of the members of that word family. They quote the findings of Stanners, Neiser, Hernon, Hall (1979) to advance their argument that related words are linked in the mental lexicon. So there are linked entries for create, creates created and creation and accessing any word from this family can partly activate other family members. Word parts are not just linked in the mental lexicon, but morphologically ordered to represent the relation. Interpreting the meaning Another argument against learning word parts is that L2 learners using this for guessing the meaning of a word might cause the learner to misinterpret the word. Schmitt quotes Haynes (1993) to validate this argument; Haynes found that learners continued with the wrong meaning even though it didnt contribute to the context. For example Inflammable is often misinterpreted to mean non-flammable. Clarke and Nation (1980) caution that word parts strategy should be used to verify the guesses drawn from the context. Furthermore, knowledge of the word parts empowers the learner by teaching him to apply his understanding at the receptive and productive level. At the receptive level it teaches him a) to identify the different components of a complex word, b) to be aware that these word parts can be used to make other words, c) how the meaning of the different parts combine to make a new meaning, and d) how the sum of the parts relates to the dictionary meaning. At the productive level it makes him aware of how the formal changes can affect the spelling, pronunciation and the word class of the base when a complex word is formed. (Nation) The challenges Learning word parts presents a set of challenges to language learners. The greatest challenge is that of time and exposure. Studies conducted by Nagy, Diakody, Anderson (1993) point out that L1 learners do not acquire proficiency in morphology until their high school; if this takes so long to develop in L1 learners despite their advantage of maximum exposure, then L2 learners are likely to take more time to learn this aspect (Schmitt). Even though the learners in my group had studied English for ten years, they have learned inflectional suffixes only as part of grammar exercises and have never been explicitly taught derivational affixes. Their exposure to morphological forms was not commensurate with the duration of their study. They have used these forms productively without much knowledge about the rules that guide most of these formations; Though I have putted remainders for this tasks, accidently the remainder was unanswered; the meeting is preponed to three in the afternoon, he is very confidential during presentations are examples of the common errors. Schmitt points out that lack of consistency in affixation can cause problems even if the meaning of the parts is clear. He gives the example of the suffix -ist. Stem Suffix derived word Cycle -ist Cyclist Act -ist *actist Act -or Actor Another challenge for the L2 learner is the lack of awareness that not all words can be broken into parts. Learners sometimes try to decompose words like refuse, repel, repeat, revamp and attempt to use the perceived stem, resulting in a meaningless word. Learners often have difficulty with the formal changes that occur with affixation in spelling and pronunciation. Some derivational affixes lack consistent spelling and has to be learned individually. base suffix word suggest -able suggestible afford -able affordable Gairns Redman notes that affixation sometimes produces changes in stress and sounds in a word. democrat /demÉâ„ ¢kraet/ democratic /demÉâ„ ¢kraetÄÂ ±k/ democracy /dÄÂ ±mÉ’krÉâ„ ¢sÄÂ ±/ Derivational suffixes need to be do not follow rules strategies- guidelines how A good starting point for any teacher wishing to remedy this situation would be to train the learners to break, the complex words that are already known to the learner, into its components and to help them understand the functional meaning of these components. encourage the learners to become more aware of these morphological instill in the mond of the learner that all aspects of language learning is incremental an beA teachers task has probably never been well defines as in this situation Language learning is incremental A good game plan to remedy t Nation suggests that learners should be taught complex words as unanalyzed wholes before they begin to analyze word parts. teacher I would explicit teaching of select morphological units appropriate to the learner level, training the learners the .A teacher needs to introduce the learners to complex words before they are trained to analyse the different parts of that word. Because morphological acquisition is incremental in nature explicit teaching of level suitable affixes ,encouraging them to notice the correct forms encountered in newspapers regular exposure through exercises and receptive material. This rules out the possibility of a completely graded approach; instead I would collect words for analysis from their Collocation Time consuming Not all words can be broken into parts Affixes are not transparent Some affixes are used mor frequently than others so need to be selective Guessing a wrong meaning and sticking on with that explanation even though it made no sense. (Haynes 1993) -Clarke and Nation (1980)- word parts best used to confirm/verify the meaning. Difficulty in guessing the word class deciding on an appropriate stress, formal changes in spelling, phonetics and word forms Derivational suffixes need to be learned individually do not follow rules strategies- guidelines how Furthermore, it empowers the learner by teaching him to apply his understanding at the receptive and productive level. At the receptive level it teaches him a) to identify the different components of a complex word, b) to be aware that these word parts can be used to make other words, c) how the meaning of the different parts combine to make a new meaning, and d) how the sum of the parts relates to the dictionary meaning. At the productive level it makes him aware of how the formal changes can affect the spelling, pronunciation and the word class of the base when a complex word is formed. (Nation)

Lenonard Bernstein :: essays research papers

Leonard Bernstein was born in Lawrence, just north of Boston, on Sunday, August 25, 1918. Bernstein was named Louis at birth, after his mother’s grandfather, but at the age of sixteen he had it formally changed to Leonard, or Lenny. As a child, Bernstein was sick very often with asthma and hay fever. Perhaps due to these and many other medical conditions, Bernstein preferred to be alone. He didn’t care to spend much time with his family or even with his peers. Most likely because of this self-isolation, Bernstein’s passion for music developed at a young age. At the age of ten, Leonard’s family received a piano from an aunt who no longer needed it. She knew of Leonard’s love for music, but I doubt she knew what a great impact this gift would have, not only on Leonard, but also on the world of music. After the young boy began to show an interest in the instrument, a neighbor offered to give him lessons, which lasted for about a year. After that year, Bernstein was no longer satisfied with his teacher, so he went out to find another one. He was referred to a teacher by the name of Miss Susan Williams and despite his father’s protest, this teaching relationship with Miss Williams lasted for two years. When Bernstein decided that he needed a more professional teacher, he went under the education of Helen Coates, who would later become a life long friend and secretary. After four years of working under Helen, he was accepted as a student of Heinrid Gebhard, who was the best piano teacher in Boston. At the age of seventeen, Bernstein was accepted at Harvard University in Cambridge, Massachusetts. He was interested in many other things other than music. For example, philosophy and history were both subjects of great importance to him. After graduating from Harvard cum laude in 1939, Leonard spent a year in New York City. He met many influential people throughout the course of this year, including Aaron Copland. Aaron Copland is regarded as being Bernstein’s composing mentor. In fact, Copland was probably the most important influence on All-American music at this time. Bernstein and Copland had many similarities that may have enabled them to create the very strong bond between them. They both came from Russian/Jewish families; both men were raised in urban areas; both became involved in left wing politics; and both were homosexual.

Lost Names

True Identity There cornes a point In time In an Individual's life In which their name truly becomes a part of their identity. A name is more than just a title to differentiate people; It Is d part of the person. In Lost Names: Scenes from d Korean Boyhood by Richard E. Kim, names play a major role on the characters identities. The absence and importance of the names in the story make the story rich with detail and identity through something as simple as the name of a character. Names are a slgnlflcant actor affecting the story and the characters throughout the novel Lost Names.When the Koreans are forced to change their family names to Japanese ones, their Korean identity is weakened. Going through this traumatizing experience is extremely hard for the Korean people because their family name is everything to them. To the Koreans, the family name Is â€Å"the only legacy we hand down to the next generation and the next and the next' (113). Taking away their family name takes away th eir culture and attempts to convert them to the Japanese way of living, The family does ot react well to the situation, as their true names must be erased forever.The day that this takes place Is known as a day of mourning among all of the Koreans. They maln characters experiences this loss first had with his grandfather and father both grieving. â€Å"Lowering their faces, their tears flowing now unchecked, their foreheads and snow-covered hair touching the snow on the ground. l, too, let my face fall and touch the snow' (1 11). The family name is a big deal in the Korean culture, and being forced to change this completely devastates the entire family.A name gives people so much about themselves, and being stripped ot It can cause many Issues. Similarly, not even having a name can suggest some comparable issues. The way that the characters do not have any names suggests that they are â€Å"lost†. Richard Kim refers to the characters as Student-of-the-Day, Teacher-of-the-Day , Japanese teacher, Principal, and many more titles throughout the entire novel. He defines each character by their position. Calling a character by their position suggests that that is the only thing ot importance related to them.The way that they are not given specific names shows their Importance and Identity. â€Å"l call the names of one of my friends You take charge while I am gone† (130). â€Å"The principal tells the policeman who I am, the son of (130). Kim does not specifically refer to d person In the class, Instead any â€Å"one†, He refuses to write out the tathers name. The main character's name is never given either. Not giving specific names to each and every character of the story makes the reader wonder what the most essential part of a story missing really means.Each character is portrayed as a general position and nothing more. All of these characters must have the same general or stereotypical personality ds the rest of their â€Å"group† i n which they are categorized. The importance ot a name is the underlying identity ot the character. Along with unidentified characters. the title of this novel also portrays the Importance of names. The title of this book relates to many aspects of the story. Lost Names alludes to the fact that the names of the characters in the story are lost.It corresponds to the Identity crisis that most of the characters In the story go that are forced under the Japanese occupation. The conservation of the main character's name makes readers ponder upon the significance of the title of the book; the lost name of this story is this lost identity of the Korean population living under tyranny. In the subtitle Scenes from a Korean Boyhood, the author does not state the novel to be his boyhood, but rather suggests a boyhood. Kim chooses to leave this pronoun out in order to prove a more generalized view of humanity.The readers ould be forced to make these characters a general idea so that a concluded common idea for them is The people of Korea are having their identity stolen. The rights of the Korean people are not being granted. Their culture is all together being stolen. A similar thing is happening in America today. The National Security Agency, which is a part of the United States federal government, is monitoring many United States citizens' personal matters. The agency has the power to access any information that they feel necessary including Internet searches, text messages, and hone calls.

CASE: Accounting for the iPhone at Apple Inc. Essay

The non-GAAP numbers of Apple Inc. reflect its economics better. Because, in the existing method of accounting, revenue and cost of goods sold are spread over the lifetime of the product (expected 24-months), while the costs incurred for engineering, sales, marketing and warranty are recorded immediately. This accurate recording of expenses while recognizing only a part of the cost of goods sold thus showed reduced margins. While this did not affect the cash flow of the business, it affected the periodic profits that the company was reflecting which was just a fraction of the actual profits that the company made. As these deferred revenues were mounting with increased sales turnover, the differences in actual profits for the period and reported profits (one quarter at a time, due to subscription accounting) were mounting too. Given that its sales were exponential, these small fractions of deferred revenue didn’t sum up at the same rate as the sales, which would have otherwise given Apple Inc an edge in the average investor’s priorities. This affected the average investor since he was unable to see the entire profits that the company was making and hence appreciate and predict its actual performance in the future. He was unable to evaluate effectively the holistic performance of the company. Having accurate information about Apple where Apple recognized its revenues immediately upon sale, its growth would have been visible, stock prices would have gone up dramatically in conjunction with the rise in sales. For Apple Inc., it would matter positively if FASB changed the rules of revenue recognition for smartphones. Although phones are not intended to be the primary goods sold for Apple (Mac is), unlike what it expected, the phone sales were on the rise and the company found that downloading programs and apps was very high by phone customers than Mac. This was largely because of the free upgrades given to iPhone customers. But the fact that about 30% of the App store revenue was from the sale of an iPhone app and the developer received 70%1, shows the rising revenues from iPhones in relation to other products of the firm. Phone revenues thus were showing significant impact on the company’s books of accounts. In this case of subscription accounting, Apple Inc.’s 4th Quarter results of 2008 showed a non-GAAP adjustment of ~$2 billion. The cost of providing unspecified additional software products and upgrades was not considered for this. The Net Income thus computed showed a final figure which was ~115% ($2.4 B over $1.1 B) mark up on the Net Income as per subscription accounting. This is too high a margin to ignore for any company. Therefore, with increasing complexity of voluminous sales in the cell phone space, not recognizing revenues (and hence performance) immediately, placed the company in a disadvantaged position in comparison with their non-U.S. counterparts, where IFRS allowed subjective measures to be used by companies. A marginal percentage of revenue was allowed to be deferred for future recognition, which was for any software updates made in future. So, in order to not be disadvantaged by different reporting standards, Apple would gain competitive edge if FASB changes the rules of revenue recognition for smart phones. Apple should hence advocate it.